P1.A AO2 — Analysing Language and Structure

AO2 in Paper 1 asks you to analyse how writers use language and structural features to achieve effects on the reader. This is the main assessment objective in Questions 2, 3 and 4 of Paper 1 Section A.

Language analysis

Language analysis means looking at the choices a writer makes at the word and sentence level:

• Word choice (diction): connotations, register, tone
• Figurative language: metaphor, simile, personification, pathetic fallacy, symbolism
• Sound effects: sibilance, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia
• Sentence structures: simple, compound, complex, minor sentences; lists; anaphora
• Verb choices: action verbs, state verbs, passive voice

Structure analysis

Structure analysis means looking at how the text is organised and sequenced:

• Narrative perspective: first person (intimate), third person (distant or omniscient)
• Opening and closing: how does the extract begin and end? What changes?
• Focus shift: how does the writer move between characters, settings, time periods?
• Pattern and contrast: repetition, contrast, cyclical structure
• Sentence level: short sentences for pace/emphasis; long sentences for description/flow

The PETER paragraph for AO2

Point → Evidence (embedded quote) → Technique (name it) → Effect (how it works) → Reader response (what it does to us)

Or in simpler form: Point → Quote → Technique → Effect.

Always comment on effect — never just name a technique. "The writer uses alliteration" gains no marks alone; "The alliteration creates a hissing sound that reflects the sly nature of the character" gains credit.

Subject terminology (AO2 requirement)

You must use accurate subject terminology. Key terms: metaphor, simile, personification, motif, foreshadowing, juxtaposition, contrast, perspective, narrative voice, tone, connotation, sibilance, alliteration, enjambment (if verse), pathetic fallacy, ellipsis, anaphora.

Exam tip

Avoid "the writer uses imagery to make it more interesting." Be specific: state the type of imagery, quote it, analyse the specific connotations, and explain the effect on the reader.