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OCR GCSE Combined Science revision notes
Concise notes per spec point, written in plain English with worked examples. AI-generated, admin-verified.
- B1.1Cell structures: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, plant and animal cells, sub-cellular structures and microscopy
- B1.2What happens in cells (and what do cells need): DNA, mitosis, the cell cycle, transport in cells (diffusion, osmosis, active transport)
- B1.3Respiration: aerobic vs anaerobic, equations, response to exercise and oxygen debt
- B1.4Photosynthesis: equation, factors affecting rate (limiting factors) and the inverse-square law for light intensity
- B2.1Supplying the cell: surface area to volume, exchange surfaces, transport in plants (xylem, phloem, transpiration)
- B2.2The challenges of size: human circulatory system, blood, the heart, blood vessels and double circulation
- B3.1Coordination and control — the nervous system: receptors, neurones, CNS, reflex arcs and synaptic transmission
- B3.2Coordination and control — the endocrine system: hormones, blood glucose regulation, type 1 and type 2 diabetes
- B4.1Ecosystems: levels of organisation, biotic and abiotic factors, sampling and population studies
- B4.2Cycles in ecosystems: carbon, water and decomposition; the impact of human activity on biodiversity
- B5.1Inheritance: genes, alleles, dominant/recessive, Punnett squares, sex determination and inherited disorders
- B5.2Natural selection and evolution: variation, mutations, evidence for evolution, fossils and antibiotic resistance
- B6.1Monitoring and maintaining the environment: human impact, pollution, deforestation, conservation programmes
- B6.2Feeding the human race: selective breeding, genetic engineering, food security and biotechnology
- C1.1The particle model: states of matter, kinetic theory, density and changes of state
- C1.2Atomic structure: protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes and the development of the model of the atom
- C2.1Purity and separating mixtures: filtration, crystallisation, distillation, chromatography and pure substances
- C2.2Bonding: ionic, covalent and metallic bonding; structure of simple molecules, giant covalent and metallic structures
- C3.1Introducing chemical reactions: balancing equations, conservation of mass, formula mass and percentage by mass
- C3.2Energetics: exothermic and endothermic reactions, reaction profiles and bond-energy calculations
- C4.1Predicting chemical reactions: the periodic table, trends in Groups 1, 7 and 0; the reactivity series
- C4.2Identifying common gases and ions: tests for hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, chlorine; flame tests, hydroxide precipitates
- C5.1Monitoring chemical reactions: concentration, moles and titrations (HT)Higher
- C5.2Controlling reactions: rate of reaction, collision theory, factors affecting rate and catalysts
- C5.3Equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s principle
- C6.1Improving processes and products: extraction of metals (electrolysis, blast furnace, biological methods), recycling and life-cycle assessment
- C6.2Organic chemistry: hydrocarbons, alkanes, fractional distillation, cracking and alkenes
- P1.1The particle model: kinetic theory, states of matter, density and the relationship between particle behaviour and physical properties
- P1.2Changes of state: melting, boiling, evaporation; specific heat capacity and specific latent heat
- P2.1Motion: distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration; distance–time and velocity–time graphs
- P2.2Newton’s laws: balanced and unbalanced forces, F = ma, free-body diagrams
- P3.1Static and charge: electric fields, charging by friction and induction
- P3.2Simple circuits: current, potential difference, resistance, Ohm’s law and IV characteristics
- P3.3Series and parallel circuits: rules for current, p.d. and resistance
- P4.1Wave behaviour: transverse and longitudinal waves; v = fλ; reflection, refraction and absorption
- P4.2The electromagnetic spectrum: types, properties, uses and dangers across the spectrum
- P4.3Radioactive emissions: alpha, beta, gamma, nuclear equations, half-life, irradiation vs contamination
- P5.1Work done and energy transfer: stores, transfers, kinetic and potential energy, efficiency
- P5.2Power and energy in everyday systems: P = E/t, power in appliances and the National Grid
- P5.3Global energy resources: renewable and non-renewable resources and environmental impact
- P6.1Physics on the move: forces in motion, vehicle safety and stopping distances
- P6.2Powering Earth: electricity production, the National Grid, transformers and energy efficiency