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WJEC GCSE Combined Science revision notes

Concise notes per spec point, written in plain English with worked examples. AI-generated, admin-verified.

  1. B1.1Cell structures: animal, plant and bacterial cells; sub-cellular structures and microscopy
  2. B1.2Movement across membranes: diffusion, osmosis and active transport; the role of surface area
  3. B1.3Cell division: mitosis, the cell cycle and stem cells; therapeutic uses
  4. B2.1Aerobic and anaerobic respiration: equations, energy yield and uses
  5. B2.2The respiratory system: structure, gas exchange and effects of exercise
  6. B3.1Enzymes — the lock-and-key model, factors affecting activity (temperature, pH)
  7. B3.2The digestive system: structure, enzymes (carbohydrase, protease, lipase), bile and absorption
  8. B4.1The heart: structure, double circulation and coronary heart disease
  9. B4.2Blood vessels and blood: arteries, veins, capillaries; plasma, red and white blood cells, platelets
  10. B5.1Photosynthesis equation, limiting factors, the inverse-square law and uses of glucose by plants
  11. B5.2Plant transport: xylem, phloem, transpiration, translocation and stomata
  12. B6.1Ecosystems: levels of organisation, biotic/abiotic factors, food chains and pyramids
  13. B6.2Nutrient cycles: water, carbon and nitrogen cycles
  14. B6.3Human impact: pollution, deforestation, biodiversity and conservation
  15. B7.1The nervous system: receptors, neurones, synapses, the CNS and reflex arcs
  16. B7.2Hormones: the endocrine system, blood glucose regulation, type 1 and 2 diabetes
  17. B7.3Homeostasis and reproductive hormones: thermoregulation, the menstrual cycle, contraception and IVF
  18. B8.1Communicable disease: pathogens, defence systems, vaccination and antibiotics
  19. B8.2Non-communicable disease: lifestyle risk factors and treatment
  20. B8.3Genetics: DNA, genes, inheritance, Punnett squares and inherited disorders
  21. C1.1Particle theory: states of matter, kinetic theory and changes of state
  22. C1.2Atomic structure: protons, neutrons, electrons; isotopes and the development of the atomic model
  23. C1.3Pure substances and mixtures; separation techniques (filtration, distillation, chromatography)
  24. C2.1Electron configuration in shells; the periodic table arrangement and trends
  25. C2.2Group 0 (noble gases): properties and trends down the group
  26. C2.3Group 1 (alkali metals): properties, reactions with water and trends
  27. C3.1Ionic bonding: formation, dot-and-cross diagrams; properties of ionic compounds
  28. C3.2Covalent bonding: simple molecules, dot-and-cross diagrams; properties
  29. C3.3Metallic bonding: structure, properties and alloys
  30. C4.1Conservation of mass; balanced equations; relative formula mass
  31. C4.2The mole and Avogadro’s constant (HT); calculations from balanced equationsHigher
  32. C4.4Acids and alkalis: pH scale, neutralisation, salt preparation; strong vs weak acids
  33. C5.1Exothermic vs endothermic reactions; reaction profiles; bond-energy calculations
  34. C5.2Rate of reaction: factors (concentration, temperature, surface area, catalysts), collision theory
  35. C6.1Hydrocarbons, alkanes, fractional distillation of crude oil; complete and incomplete combustion
  36. C6.2Cracking and alkenes; addition reactions and polymerisation
  37. P1.1Energy stores and transfers; KE, GPE and EPE calculations
  38. P1.2Conservation of energy; efficiency; reducing unwanted energy transfer
  39. P1.3National and global energy resources; renewable vs non-renewable
  40. P2.1Circuits: current, p.d., resistance, Ohm’s law; IV characteristics
  41. P2.2Series and parallel circuits: rules for current, p.d. and resistance
  42. P2.3Mains electricity: ac/dc, plug wiring, the National Grid and transformers
  43. P3.1Density of solids, liquids and gases; particle motion
  44. P3.2Specific heat capacity, specific latent heat; energy required for state change
  45. P3.3Gas pressure: collisions, pressure–temperature and pressure–volume (HT)Higher
  46. P4.1Atomic structure, isotopes and the development of the atomic model
  47. P4.2Radioactive decay: alpha, beta, gamma; nuclear equations and half-life
  48. P4.3Hazards, irradiation vs contamination; uses of radioactivity in medicine and industry
  49. P5.1Forces: scalar/vector, contact/non-contact, resultant forces, Newton’s laws
  50. P5.2Motion: distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration; SUVAT for uniform acceleration (HT)Higher
  51. P5.3Stopping distances, work, power; Hooke’s law and elastic potential energy
  52. P6.1Wave properties: transverse vs longitudinal; v = fλ; reflection and refraction
  53. P6.2Electromagnetic spectrum: types, properties, uses and dangers
  54. P6.3Magnetism: permanent and induced magnets, magnetic fields, Earth’s field